The Origins Of Totalitarianism Mobi 11 [NEW]
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The terms "nationalism" and "anti-nationalism" have been used extensively in the English language press, though not without heated controversy. It has been argued in both forms with equal intensity and from opposite sides of the political spectrum. Scholars Paul Kennedy and Jean Bethke Elshtain in The National Interest defined nationalism as a cultural association that has its origins in territorial. Fürst/Kurz (2011) and Williamson (2014) defined nationalism in a narrower sense as a politics that is rooted in the national community that is based on democratic principles, legitimized by the state, and objectified in the state and state apparatus. In this account, throughout history, nationalist political movements claim that they are trying to liberate their national community, but also the global community of peoples generally. The nationalist claim that the society of their people alone is living in dignity, which undercuts the very notion of diversity and multiculturalism. There are a variety of major nationalist groups. The first to be identified were: the tribal or clan-based societies of the Balkans and the Middle East, most notably Turkey. The territorial principle, and the wars they waged, motivated the emergence of the modern nation-state system. Non-Alpine nations of Europe such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia fought their wars of national independence notably during the 19th-century and were active in bolstering their claims, leading to the dissolution of the duchies and empires. Interest-group nationalism such as Group IV "nationalism in the European tradition" defined by Wilson to include the Parnellite movement.[171]
The Persian nationalism of the nineteenth century was promoted by Qajar Iran aiming to incorporate its civilization by replacing the more European fashion of the ruling class and the Qajars by that of modernizing the country. The Pahlavi dynasty succeeded in its quest, which eventually established a constitutional monarchy in the country. The monarchy, however, failed to install a friendly government of its own ethnic Persian ruling council. The Pahlavis claimed that its policies were not oriented towards nation-building or the creation of a national consciousness but the promotion of Persian culture. Nevertheless, the monarchy was responsible for the repression of the minorities and the national independence of Iran throughout the century. The constitutional monarchy became a constitutional monarchy in 1952, when the shah fell from power. d2c66b5586