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The cemetery began with four South Carolina regimental cemeteries, three in the northwestern part of the cemetery and one in the southeast corner. They were located in the first four sections of the cemetery in Sections 27, 28, 29, and 30. Birney, meanwhile, had been cut off from Union forces in the Shenandoah Valley and was forced to retreat to Manassas Junction, a suburb of Washington that now lies in Virginia, where he was besieged by the soldiers of General William F. \"Baldy\" Smith. On July 1, 1861, a surgeon, Charles Sanger, contracted dysentery on one of the ships manning the Potomac. The ship (USS Julien), returning from a tour of duty protecting Richmond, was caught in the Battle of Fort Stevens. After the battle, she went aground. Sanger, already ill, was carried to the ship, and a fever set in. Sanger died and was buried at the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery in Washington, D.C.[12][21] On October 26, 1862, the Congress passed a law and authorized the secretary of war to add Sanger to the list of persons to be buried at Arlington. On November 3, Lincoln signed the latter.

On July 4, 1863, Congress passed the legislation for the construction of the cemetery. In the wake of the Battle of Gettysburg, the third national burial at Arlington (for Edwin A. McCook, killed in the battle) was made on October 13, 1863. However, crypts were completed and burials began only in 1866. The cemetery was formally dedicated on November 19, 1864, and was laid out in two groups, northern, and southern, by George Washington Birney. The northern group contained eight American regiments, and the southern group twenty-eight foreign nations. d2c66b5586